http://www.macon.com/2013/06/08/2509059/hospital-doctor-delivers-infusion.html
Published: June 8, 2013
By ERIC ADLER — The Kansas City Star
KANSAS CITY, Mo. -- On the day the Boston Marathon bombing transfixed the world, Mark Watkins of suburban Kansas City, Mo., lay face to face with a crisis of life, death and faith of his own.
Little could he guess that, in the end, it would be a controversial product sent from a terrorized city that would save him.
“Obviously, we’re thrilled,” Watkins’ son, Rocky, 30, said recently, from his father’s hospital bedside. “Not only were they able to save his life, but they did it while they respected his beliefs.”
Watkins’ drama began April 15. The night that Boston went into terror lockdown, the 51-year-old husband and father had been in church with his wife, Nellie, when his skin turned white. His body crashed.
He was rushed to the hospital, where doctors discovered he was slowly but surely bleeding to death internally.
The cause was unknown. Maybe it was a ruptured vessel or a bleeding ulcer, which he had suffered before. But without oxyg en-rich blood, his body was suffocating. He needed surgery. He needed to be stabilized. He needed blood.
After receiving successful treatment with Hemopure, a bovine blood product, Mark Watkins, left,
is visited last month at the University of Kansas Hospital by, from left, son-in-law Eddie Arteaga, daughter
Lacey Arteaga and daughter-in-law Esmeralda Watkins.
The problem: Watkins is a Jehovah’s Witness.
His faith allows for the medical use of non-blood alternatives and, for some, re-infusion of their own blood or some blood fractions. But the majority of Jehovah’s Witnesses hold tight to what they say is the Bible’s command to “keep abstaining from ... blood.”
Given the restriction, Nellie Watkins said, their local hospital delivered grave news.
“We were told that there was nothing else they could do for us,” she said. “They said he might not make it through the night.”
Then a call went out to the University of Kansas Hospital, where trauma surgeon Charlie Richart, 53, performs what is known as “bloodless” surgery.
Richart, who has been at the hospital three years, has treated Jehovah’s Witnesses for about 27 years and recalled the sad frustration of losing patients because he could not give them blood.
“I could not save them because they bled to death,” he said.
Somewhat of a misnomer, bloodless surgery actually refers to the methods doctors use to reduce the amount of outside blood transfused into the body during surgery or the amount of blood lost during an operation.
Some of the methods are most effective when there is time to plan a surgery.
Doctors can collect and store volumes of a patient’s own blood before surgery, or dilute the patient’s own blood and re-infuse it during a procedure. After surgery, medicine can be given to boost the bone marrow’s production of blood.
In 2010, bloodless surgery made headlines in Kansas when Mary Stinemetz, a Jehovah’s Witness who was then 64, sued the Kansas Health Policy Authority, which administers the state’s Medicaid program.
Stinemetz had sought a bloodless liver transplant at the University of Kansas Hospital, which could not guarantee a bloodless procedure at that time.
She wanted the state to pay for the procedure in Nebraska, arguing that in refusing the transplant Kansas was violating her First Amendment rights to exercise her religion.
She won her case a year later, but by then she was too sick to be put on the transplant list. She died last October.
In Watkins’ emergency, time was short.
“When he got here,” Richart said of Watkins, “he was way behind the eight ball. His foot was on a banana peel and his other was 6 feet deep in the grave.”
As soon as the University of Kansas Hospital received the call from the other hospital, Richart thought of Hemopure, a product produced by OPK Biotech of Cambridge, Mass., that holds oxygen just like human blood, but which itself is not blood.
Instead, it is a blood substitute, also known as an HBOC, for hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier. The solution is made from purified bovine -- meaning cow -- hemoglobin, which is the molecule in blood that carries oxygen to the tissues.
Over the years, the product has been used successfully worldwide to save the lives of some Jehovah’s Witnesses in crisis, although the company won’t reveal the exact number.
Among them was Tamara Coakley, 33, a Jehovah’s Witness who was brought back from near death in 2011 after a horrible loss of blood from a car crash in her native Australia.
“I’m so grateful,” Coakley told local media at the time.
Hemopure has a roller-coaster history full of intrigue.
Hemopure is not approved for use in the United States, although it is in at least one country, South Africa. Before being purchased by OPK Biotech, a private company, Hemopure was developed and produced by a public corporation also in Cambridge called Biopure.
The corporation manufactured an effective blood substitute that can be used in dogs.
Biopure rode a wave of investor success from 2000 through 2002 on the prospect that it would produce a safe, synthetic blood substitute that not only could help reduce the worldwide shortage of human blood, but also could be stored for long periods of time, making it useful in remote areas as well as on battlefronts.
But Hemopure languished in human clinical trials. Authorities later alleged that company officials had filed misleading reports about the status of its product to the Securities and Exchange Commission, leading to indictments of top company executives.
In 2008, a year before the company filed for bankruptcy and its assets were sold to OPK Biotech, a medical review of blood substitutes that included Hemopure pointed out dangers, including increased risk of death by heart attack.
Richart said the blood substitute needs to be given in a slow and controlled manner.
“It’s not a magic bullet,” he said. “If you give them too much, you can kill them in several ways.”
But in Watkins’ case, it was also the only resort.
While Watkins was being transferred to KU, Richart was on the phone, talking through the night and into the morning of April 16 to KU’s internal review board and to the Food and Drug Administration in Washington, D.C, which needed to give a special compassionate care dispensation for the Hemopure to be used in the Unites States.
Then KU was on the phone with OPK in Cambridge, where the city was still reeling less than 12 hours after two bombs killed three people and injured many more.
“I was able to tell them, basically the next morning when the sun came up, that the stuff was on the plane,” Richart said.
Ten units of the blood substitute were on the way, each unit slightly smaller than a can of soda.
Watkins received four units late at night on April 17 and two more over 12 hours on April 18. The company would later send 10 more units while the Boston police searched for the marathon bombers.
Watkins stabilized. In the late evening of April 19, Watkins went into surgery, where Richart and his team found bleeding polyps, which Richart thinks may have contributed to the loss of blood.
Watkins was then stable enough to do other tests.
“I’m just real appreciative. It was scary,” Watkins said earlier this month, before his discharge.
Watkins said that although he understands and respects others of his faith who might not have chosen to use the blood substitute, he thought that for him it was the right thing at the right time.
“As Jehovah’s Witnesses, we do not accept blood products as part of our faith,” Watkins said. “This is something we felt very comfortable with.”
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